REVISED: Sunday, March 15, 2015
CONTENTS:
I. C STRUCTURE INTRODUCTION
II. C STRUCTURE VOCABULARY
III. THE C STRUCTURE
IV. C STRUCTURE EXAMPLE PROGRAM SOURCE CODE
V. EXAMPLE PROGRAM OUTPUT
VI. C STRUCTURE REFERENCES
YOU WILL LEARN:
1. C structure vocabulary.
2. How to declare a C structure.
3. How memory for a C structure is allocated.
4. How to declare an instance of a C structure.
• I. INTRODUCTION
Welcome to the “C Structure Tutorial.”
The C code shown in the tutorial were written using the Microsoft Visual C++ Express Edition Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and the “C99 subset.”
• II. VOCABULARY
A. What is a structure?
A structure is a collection of logically related variables of different types. A structure groups logically related standard or user defined data types. Once declared, a structure defines a template for creating compound variable type objects which are instances of a structure.
Structures can be nested as elements in other structures. Structures can be used recursively. Structures can be used to define new data types.
B. What is a tag?
A structure type name is referred to as a tag. The tag appears right after the keyword struct.
If your program uses only one structure_variable, you do not need the structure_type_name.
C. What do you call variables that make up a structure?
Members, elements, or fields are the names of variables that make up the structure.
A. How do you declare a structure?
The syntax for simultaneously declaring a structure template and creating compound variable type objects is as follows:
//keyword
struct and tag, user defined type
type member_name;
//members, elements, or fields
type member_name;
type member_name;
.
.
.
}structure_variables;
//compound variable type objects
B. How do you allocate memory for a structure?
Memory is automatically allocated for all the members by the compiler when a structure variable is declared.
C. How do you define an instance of a structure?
After the structure template has been defined, an instance of a physical compound variable type object, a structure_variable can be declared using the following syntax:
struct structure_type_name structure_variable;
• IV. EXAMPLE PROGRAM
//**********************************
// C STRUCTURE TUTORIAL
//**********************************
#include<conio.h>
//contains function prototypes
#include<ctype.h>
//character handling
#include<stdio.h>
//input/output
#include<stdlib.h>
//general utilities
#include<string.h>
//string handling
struct item
//structure declaration
{
int item_stock_number;
//member, element, or field
char *item_name;
//member, element, or field
char *item_description;
//member, element, or field
float item_cost;
//member, element, or field
float item_sales_price;
//member, element, or field
int item_inventory_quantity;
//member, element, or field
}item1, item2, item3;
//compound variable type objects
void f_item1(void);
//function prototype
void f_item2(void);
//function prototype
void f_item3(void);
//function prototype
void p_item1(void);
//function prototype
void p_item2(void);
//function prototype
void p_item3(void);
//function prototype
int main(void)
{
f_item1();
//function call
f_item2();
//function call
f_item3();
//function call
p_item1();
//function call
p_item2();
//function call
p_item3();
//function call
char ch;
ch = getch();
//keeps screen from closing
//until a key is pressed
return 0;
}
void f_item1(void)
//function definition
{
item1.item_stock_number = 128;
item1.item_name = "Diamond Cufflinks";
item1.item_description = "Each 3 Carat Skull Shaped, 9K (375Au) yellow gold.";
item1.item_cost = 250.00;
item1.item_sales_price = 2500.00;
item1.item_inventory_quantity = 10;
}
void f_item2(void)
//function definition
{
item2.item_stock_number = 142;
item2.item_name = "Ruby Cufflinks";
item2.item_description = "Each 3 Carat Skull Shapped, 9K (375Au) yellow gold.";
item2.item_cost = 500.00;
item2.item_sales_price = 5000.00;
item2.item_inventory_quantity = 20;
}
void f_item3(void)
//function definition
{
item3.item_stock_number = 187;
item3.item_name = "Sapphire Cufflinks";
item3.item_description = "Each 3 Carat Skull Shapped, 9K (375Au) yellow gold.";
item3.item_cost = 1000.00;
item3.item_sales_price = 10000.00;
item3.item_inventory_quantity = 30;
}
void p_item1(void)
//function definition
{
printf("Stock Number: %i \n", item1.item_stock_number);
printf("Name: %s \n", item1.item_name);
printf("Description: %s \n", item1.item_description);
printf("Cost: $%.2f \n", item1.item_cost);
printf("Sales Price: $%.2f \n", item1.item_sales_price);
printf("Inventory: %i \n\n\n", item1.item_inventory_quantity);
}
void p_item2(void)
//function definition
{
printf("Stock Number: %i \n", item2.item_stock_number);
printf("Name: %s \n", item2.item_name);
printf("Description: %s \n", item2.item_description);
printf("Cost: $%.2f \n", item2.item_cost);
printf("Sales Price: $%.2f \n", item2.item_sales_price);
printf("Inventory: %i \n\n\n", item2.item_inventory_quantity);
}
void p_item3(void)
//function definition
{
printf("Stock Number: %i \n", item3.item_stock_number);
printf("Name: %s \n", item3.item_name);
printf("Description: %s \n", item3.item_description);
printf("Cost: $%.2f \n", item3.item_cost);
printf("Sales Price: $%.2f \n", item3.item_sales_price);
printf("Inventory: %i \n\n\n", item3.item_inventory_quantity);
}
• V. EXAMPLE PROGRAM OUTPUT
Stock Number: 128
Name: Diamond Cufflinks
Description: Each 3 Carat Skull Shaped, 9K (375Au) yellow gold.
Cost: $250.00
Sales Price: $2500.00
Inventory: 10
Stock Number: 142
Name: Ruby Cufflinks Description: Each 3 Carat Skull Shapped, 9K (375Au) yellow gold.
Cost: $500.00
Sales Price: $5000.00
Inventory: 20
Stock Number: 187
Name: Sapphire Cufflinks
Description: Each 3 Carat Skull Shapped, 9K (375Au) yellow gold. Cost: $1000.00
Sales Price: $10000.00
Inventory: 30
• VI. REFERENCES
The C Programming Language by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1978).
C++: The Complete Reference, Fourth Edition by Herbert Schildt (Berkeley, California: McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2003).
YOU HAVE LEARNED:
1. C structure vocabulary.
2. How to declare a structure.
3. How memory for a structure is allocated.
4. How to declare an instance of a structure.
Elcric Otto Circle
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